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style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u95a9\u4eba\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u59d3\u8207\u6d77\u4e0a\u8cbf\u6613\u6642\u4ee3<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">1-1 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\u7684\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7409\u7403\u6709\u8a08\u5283\u5730\u5f15\u9032\u798f\u5efa\u4eba\u53c3\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u95dc\u8207\u5404\u9805\u5c08\u696d\u9818\u57df\u6c34\u6e96\u7684\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7576\u6642\u9078\u64c7\u79fb\u5f80\u7409\u7403\u7684\u4eba\u9084\u6bd4\u8f03\u591a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6cca(Tomari)\u5730\u5340\u9010\u6f38\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u798f\u5efa\u4eba\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u805a\u843d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4f86\u6709\u4e86\u300e\u4e45\u7c73\u6751\u95a9\u4eba\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u59d3\u300f\u7684\u7a31\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u958b\u555f\u6d77\u4e0a\u6642\u4ee3\u5f8c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u95a9\u5357\u6d77\u76dc\u3001\u7409\u7403\u7684\u4e09\u5c71\u52e2\u529b\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u4e5d\u5dde\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u53ca\u7576\u6642\u4e3b\u53f8\u6d77\u4e0a\u8cbf\u6613\u7684\u4e2d\u6771\u53ca\u6b50\u6d32\u4eba\u90fd\u56e0\u6b64\u8cfa\u4e86\u5f88\u591a\u9322\uff0c\u800c\u6cc9\u5dde\u6e2f\u4e5f\u6210\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u8cbf\u6613\u6e2f\u53e3\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u8cbf\u6613\u7684\u5f80\u4f86\uff0c\u4e5f\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4eba\u8207\u6587\u660e\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u6b64\u6642\u7531\u65bc\u7409\u7403\u4e09\u5c71\u5167\u6230\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6b66\u5668\u53ca\u6b66\u8853\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u9020\u6210\u5927\u91cf\u798f\u5efa\u7cfb\u7d71\u5175\u5668\u53ca\u592a\u7956\u62f3\u50b3\u5165\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u642d\u914d\u539f\u672c\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u4f5c\u6230\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f(\u4f8b\u5982\u4ee5\u6b63\u62f3\u64ca\u6253\u7a3b\u8349\u6372\u5c31\u662f\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u7368\u5275\u7684)\uff0c\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u7409\u7403\u624b\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u9060\u7956\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">1-2 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style=\"color: #00007f;\">1-3 \u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u8207\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u539f\u578b<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u51431429\u5e74\uff0c\u5c1a\u5df4\u5fd7\u7d71\u4e00\u4e86\u4e09\u5c71\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7409\u7403\u5c1a\u6c0f\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u6b63\u5f0f\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u7684\u5bb0\u76f8\u662f\u51fa\u8eab\u4e45\u7c73\u6751\u7684\u738b\u8302\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6574\u500b\u5c1a\u6c0f\u738b\u671d\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5ea6\u5b8c\u5168\u4eff\u7167\u660e\u671d\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u4e5f\u4f7f\u7528\u6f22\u5b57\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u95a9\u4eba\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u59d3\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u6709\u591a\u6df1\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u6642\u671f\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e\u8207\u7409\u7403\u8a9e\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86\u7409\u7403\u624b\u53e4\u62f3\u5957\u7684\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u5230\u4e861469\u5e74\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u9032\u8ca2\u8cbf\u6613\u6e2f\u7531\u6cc9\u5dde\u8f49\u5230\u4e86\u798f\u5dde\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u570b\u4e5f\u5728\u798f\u5dde\u8a2d\u7acb\u4e86\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\uff0c\u7a31\u70ba\u300e\u67d4\u9060\u9a5b\u300f\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u798f\u5dde\u4eba\u8207\u798f\u5dde\u8a9e\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u9032\u5165\u7409\u7403\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e5f\u5229\u7528\u9032\u8ca2\u8239\u6d3e\u9063\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u5230\u5357\u4eac\u7684\u570b\u5b50\u76e3\u63a5\u53d7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u53bb\u570b\u5b50\u76e3\u4e0a\u8ab2\u7684\u4e5f\u591a\u534a\u662f\u51fa\u8eab\u4e45\u7c73\u6751\u7684\u95a9\u4eba\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7409\u7403\u540d\u5bb0\u76f8\u8b1d\u540d\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u9ad8\u624b\uff0c1565\u5e74\u4ed6\u642d\u9032\u8ca2\u8239\u53bb\u570b\u5b50\u76e3\u4e0a\u8ab2\u6642\uff0c\u9084\u5e36\u4e86\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u9ad8\u624b\u4e00\u8d77\u4fdd\u8b77\u9032\u8ca2\u8239\uff0c1609\u5e74\u7576\u4e5d\u5dde\u9e7f\u5152\u5cf6\u7684\u85a9\u6469\u85e9\u5cf6\u6d25\u8981\u51fa\u5175\u6253\u7409\u7403\u6642\uff0c\u8b1d\u540d\u9084\u4e00\u76f4\u7a4d\u6975\u5c0b\u6c42\u660e\u671d\u7684\u5354\u52a9\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u7409\u7403\u843d\u5165\u4e5d\u5dde\u4eba\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u60f3\u5fc5\u8b1d\u540d\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u570b\u5b50\u76e3\u4e03\u5e74\u61c9\u8a72\u4e5f\u6709\u4e0d\u5c11\u540c\u5b78\u5728\u660e\u671d\u64d4\u4efb\u9ad8\u5b98\u5427\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u660e\u671d\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5357\u65b9\u6d77\u4e0a\u6c92\u6709\u300e\u5be6\u969b\u7d71\u6cbb\u300f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5230\u5e95\u8b1d\u540d\u6c42\u52a9\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u662f\u660e\u671d\u5b98\u65b9\u9084\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u63a7\u5236\u6d77\u4e0a\u7684\u95a9\u5357\u6d77\u76dc\uff0c\u5176\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u60f3\u800c\u77e5\uff0c\u800c\u95a9\u5357\u6d77\u76dc\u7576\u6642\u8207\u4e5d\u5dde\u4eba\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u53ef\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u5bc6\u5207\u7684(\u912d\u6210\u529f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4e5d\u5dde\u7684\u5e73\u6236\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u6bcd\u89aa\u9084\u662f\u4e5d\u5dde\u4eba)\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5cf6\u6d25\u4faf\u8981\u6253\u4e0b\u7409\u7403\u6839\u672c\u662f\u8f15\u800c\u6613\u8209\uff0c\u4f46\u8b1d\u540d\u4ecd\u52aa\u529b\u8981\u7dad\u6301\u7409\u7403\u570b\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u4e26\u7387\u8ecd\u8207\u4e5d\u5dde\u85a9\u6469\u8ecd\u5c0d\u6230\uff0c\u5c1a\u5be7\u738b\u6700\u5f8c\u4e0d\u6575\u7d42\u65bc\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u6230\u6557\u5f8c\u4e26\u5728\u5cf6\u6d25\u4faf\u7684\u966a\u540c\u4e0b\u5230\u6c5f\u6236(\u6771\u4eac)\u5411\u5fb7\u5ddd\u79c0\u5fe0(\u5fb7\u5ddd\u5bb6\u5eb7\u4e4b\u5b50)\u4fef\u9996\u7a31\u81e3\uff0c\u800c\u8b1d\u540d\u8207\u4ed6\u7387\u9818\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u9ad8\u624b\u5247\u57281611\u5e74\u88ab\u4ee5\u6230\u72af\u8655\u6b7b\uff0c\u5cf6\u6d25\u4faf\u4e26\u9812\u4f48\u4e86\u7409\u7403\u7684\u7981\u6b66\u4ee4\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u6240\u6709\u5175\u5668\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u4e26\u6c92\u6536\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u6b66\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea1609\u5e74\u8d77\u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u540d\u7fa9\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u65e9\u5df2\u6210\u70ba\u4e5d\u5dde\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u671d\u8ca2\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u53ea\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u9032\u884c\u8cbf\u6613\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u570b\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u9678\u6b0a\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6d77\u6d0b\u52e2\u529b\u6839\u672c\u4e00\u7ac5\u4e0d\u901a\uff0c\u76f4\u52301875\u5e74\u660e\u6cbb\u5929\u7687\u5728\u7409\u7403\u8a2d\u6c96\u7e69\u7e23\u5f8c\uff0c\u624d\u300e\u89ba\u5f97\u300f\u7409\u7403\u88ab\u65e5\u672c\u4eba\u6436\u8d70\u4e86\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u65e9\u57281609\u5e74\u7409\u7403\u738b\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5411\u5fb7\u5ddd\u5e55\u5e9c\u6295\u964d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u8207\u4e45\u7c73\u6751\u7684\u95a9\u4eba\u4e09\u5341\u516d\u59d3\u95dc\u4fc2\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u800c\u521d\u671f\u7684\u62f3\u6cd5\u662f\u8207\u5175\u5668\u4e00\u540c\u8a13\u7df4\u8207\u50b3\u6388\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5f9e\u5cf6\u6d25\u6c0f\u767c\u8868\u7981\u6b66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\u8b1d\u540d\u8207\u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u5c0d\u4e5d\u5dde\u7684\u6230\u5f79\uff0c\u57281993\u5e74\u7684NHK\u5927\u6cb3\u5287\u300e\u7409\u7403\u306e\u98a8\u300f\u4e2d\u6709\u5f88\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u6253\u9b25\u756b\u9762\u4e5f\u9817\u7cbe\u5f69\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u611b\u597d\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u61c9\u8a72\u770b\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u9ad8\u624b\u6c6a\u696b\u8207\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u9003\u4ea1\u6f6e<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2d\u570b\u9ad8\u624b\u6c6a\u696b\u8207\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u9003\u4ea1\u6f6e<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">2-1 \u5fb7\u5ddd\u5e55\u5e9c\u63a7\u5236\u7409\u7403<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u57281609\u5e74\u4e5d\u5dde\u85a9\u6469\u5cf6\u6d25\u4faf\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u63a7\u5236\u7409\u7403\u738b\u671d\u5f8c\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u958b\u59cb\u5be6\u65bd\u7981\u6b66\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u5175\u5668\u90fd\u88ab\u6c92\u6536\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6c11\u773e\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u8a13\u7df4(\u985e\u4f3c\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u9663\u982d)\u958b\u59cb\u5f0f\u5fae\uff0c\u5b78\u62f3\u7fd2\u6b66\u7684\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u5920\u4f7f\u7528\u751f\u6d3b\u5668\u5177\u7576\u4f5c\u5175\u5668\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7409\u7403\u53e4\u6b66\u8853\u5982\u8239\u69f3\u3001\u942e\u5200\u3001\u6728\u68d2\u3001\u92e4\u982d\u3001\u9435\u5c3a\u53ca\u96d9\u622a\u68cd\u7b49\u975e\u6b63\u7d71\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u958b\u59cb\u8208\u8d77\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u7531\u8fb2\u5177\u6240\u884d\u751f\u51fa\u7684\u5175\u5668\u5f8c\u4f86\u6210\u70ba\u7409\u7403\u53e4\u6b66\u8853\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u4e5f\u7531\u65bc\u7981\u6b66\u4ee4\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8d64\u624b\u7a7a\u62f3\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u7a7a\u9593\uff0c\u8b93\u7a7a\u624b\u535a\u9b25\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u8f1d\u714c\u767c\u5c55\u7684400\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u7576\u6642\u5fb7\u5ddd\u5e55\u5e9c\u5df2\u7d93\u5be6\u8cea\u63a7\u5236\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u4f46\u70ba\u4e86\u80fd\u5920\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\u505a\u751f\u610f\uff0c\u85a9\u6469\u85e9\u4ecd\u7136\u8b93\u7409\u7403\u738b\u671d\u4fdd\u6301\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u671d\u8ca2\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f80\u4f86\u65bc\u90a3\u9738\u53ca\u798f\u5dde\u7684\u671d\u8ca2\u8239\u4ecd\u7136\u7d61\u7e79\u4e0d\u7d55\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f9e\u798f\u5dde\u4f86\u7684\u5404\u9805\u8ca8\u7269\u8207\u6587\u5316\u4ecd\u7136\u6301\u7e8c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u798f\u5efa\u5357\u62f3\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u8f38\u51fa\u5230\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u5169\u5730\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ee5\u592a\u7956\u62f3\u70ba\u4e2d\u5fc3\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u4e26\u76f8\u4e92\u5438\u6536\u65b0\u6280\u6cd5\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u5f8c\u671f\u5404\u7a2e\u6a21\u4eff\u52d5\u7269\u5f62\u614b\u7684\u884d\u751f\u62f3\u7a2e\u5982\u9f8d\u62f3\u3001\u864e\u62f3\u3001\u8c79\u62f3\u6216\u7345\u62f3\u7b49\u4e5f\u90fd\u5728\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u9678\u7e8c\u5728\u798f\u5efa\u5f62\u6210\u4e26\u6d41\u50b3\u5230\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u767d\u9db4\u62f3\u5728\u5167\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">2-2 \u5927\u6e05\u5e1d\u570b\u518a\u5c01\u53f2\u6b66\u5b98\u6c6a\u696b<\/span>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u51431644\u5e74\u4f86\u81ea\u6771\u5317\u6eff\u5dde\u7684\u5927\u6e05\u5e1d\u570b\u5c07\u660e\u671d\u64ca\u6557\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u660e\u671d\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u7409\u7403\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u9593\u671d\u8ca2\u8cbf\u6613\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u8cbf\u6613\u671d\u8ca2\u8239\u4ecd\u7136\u5f80\u4f86\u65bc\u90a3\u9738\u53ca\u798f\u5dde\u9593\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u5c0d\u7409\u7403\u4ecd\u7136\u63a1\u53d6\u8207\u660e\u671d\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u65b0\u7684\u7409\u7403\u738b\u5373\u4f4d\u6642\uff0c\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5c31\u6703\u6d3e\u51fa\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u518a\u5c01\u4f7f\u524d\u4f86\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u96d9\u65b9\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6301\u8a31\u591a\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e92\u52d5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\u5728\u5eb7\u7199\u7687\u5e1d\u611b\u65b0\u89ba\u7f85\u7684\u6642\u4ee3(1654-1722)\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u51fa\u8eab\u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u4f11\u5be7\u7e23\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6b66\u5b98\u6c6a\u696b\u5169\u5ea6\u9020\u8a2a\u7409\u7403\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u7409\u7403\u738b\u671d\u7684\u6b66\u5e2b\u5011\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4e26\u6d41\u50b3\u4e0b\u8a31\u591a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u62f3\u5957\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300e\u6c6a\u696b\u300f(\u71d5\u98db)\u3001\u300e\u6c6a\u79c0\u300f(\u96f2\u624b)\u3001\u300e\u6c6a\u5feb\u300f(\u738b\u51a0)\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u62f3\u5957\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f03\u985e\u4f3c\u4e2d\u570b\u5317\u6d3e\u62f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u8207\u6c6a\u696b\u51fa\u8eab\u65bc\u5b89\u5fbd\u7701\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u9019\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u53d7\u5230\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u7409\u7403\u62f3\u5e2b\u5011\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u990a\u4efd\uff0c\u4eca\u65e5\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6c96\u7e69\u7a7a\u624b\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u9019\u4e9b\u53d7\u5317\u5c11\u6797\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u990a\u4efd\u6240\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u679d\u8449\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">2-3 \u5357\u5c11\u6797\u62f3\u5e2b\u7684\u9003\u4ea1\u6f6e<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6e05\u5e1d\u570b\u5efa\u7acb\u5f8c\uff0c\u7531\u6eff\u5dde\u4eba\u7d71\u6cbb\u4e86\u6574\u500b\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u6f22\u6c11\u65cf\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u65b7\u51fa\u73fe\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u6b66\u88dd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7531\u912d\u6210\u529f\u820a\u90e8\u5c07\u9673\u6c38\u83ef\u6240\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u300e\u5929\u5730\u6703\u300f\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u8a31\u591a\u53cd\u6297\u6e05\u671d\u9769\u547d\u52e2\u529b\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u300e\u5929\u5730\u6703\u300f\u7684\u767c\u6e90\u5730\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u5728\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u9673\u6c38\u83ef\u5728\u53f0\u5357\u8a2d\u7acb\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u6e05\u671d\u6253\u4e0b\u53f0\u7063\u5f8c\uff0c\u300e\u5929\u5730\u6703\u300f\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u4fbf\u958b\u59cb\u5f9e\u53f0\u7063\u6f2b\u5ef6\u5230\u798f\u5efa\u53ca\u5ee3\u6771\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u300e\u5929\u5730\u6703\u300f\u7684\u5730\u4e0b\u7d44\u7e54\u90fd\u64c1\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u4f4d\u62f3\u6cd5\u9ad8\u624b\uff0c\u6307\u5c0e\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5175\u58eb\u5982\u4f55\u683c\u9b25\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\u5175\u58eb\u5011\u683c\u9b25\u8a13\u7df4\u4fbf\u4ee5\u300e\u9663\u982d\u300f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u96b1\u85cf\u5728\u5404\u5730\u300e\u5bfa\u5edf\u300f\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u300e\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u300f\u5728\u798f\u5efa\u5c31\u6709\u4e09\u500b\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7de3\u6545\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u300e\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u300f\uff0c\u9019\u5e7e\u500b\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u300e\u5bfa\u5edf\u300f\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u6709\u5929\u5730\u6703\u6210\u54e1(\u6e05\u653f\u5e9c\u5247\u7a31\u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u5929\u5730\u6703\u4efd\u5b50)\u5728\u6b64\u805a\u96c6\u300e\u5408\u6cd5\u7df4\u6b66\u300f\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e09\u5ea7\u300e\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u300f\u90fd\u4f4d\u65bc\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u5883\u5167\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u5f71\u97ff\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6cc9\u5dde\u7684\u6771\u79aa\u53e4\u5bfa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u6210\u70ba\u300e\u5929\u5730\u6703\u300f\u5404\u7a2e\u62f3\u6cd5\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u5357\u6d3e\u62f3\u7368\u6709\u7684\u300e\u65e5\u6708\u300f\u8acb\u62f3\u8d77\u5f0f(\u610f\u8b02\u8457\u660e\u671d)\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u5011\u5728\u525b\u67d4\u6d41\u7b49\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u8d77\u5f0f\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u56e0\u70ba\u6cc9\u5dde\u7684\u6771\u79aa\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u6210\u70ba\u62f3\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6e05\u671d\u4e7e\u9686\u7687\u5e1d\u4fbf\u57281763\u5e74\u4e0b\u4ee4\u628a\u6771\u79aa\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u71d2\u4e86\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u64f4\u5927\u8ffd\u6355\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u7684\u5929\u5730\u6703\u6210\u54e1\u3002(\u95dc\u65bc\u706b\u71d2\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u8207\u5e74\u4ee3\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u7a2e\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u70ba\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5ea7\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5ea7\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6642\u671f\u88ab\u71d2\u71ec\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u6545\u4e8b\u90fd\u6709)<\/p>\n<p>\u6771\u79aa\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u71d2\u71ec\u5f8c\uff0c\u5929\u5730\u6703\u7684\u62f3\u5e2b\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u4e86\u4e00\u6ce2\u9003\u4ea1\u6f6e\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u96b1\u5c45\u5176\u4ed6\u7701\u4efd\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5247\u9003\u51fa\u6d77\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e4f\u9003\u5230\u7409\u7403\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u62f3\u5e2b\uff0c\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u628a\u6771\u79aa\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u7684\u5404\u5f0f\u62f3\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5e36\u5230\u4e86\u53f0\u7063\u8207\u7409\u7403\uff0c1786\u5e74\u53f0\u7063\u767c\u751f\u7684\u6797\u723d\u6587\u8d77\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u5929\u5730\u6703\u6240\u7387\u9818\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u6771\u79aa\u5c11\u6797\u5bfa\u7684\u820a\u90e8\u90fd\u53c3\u8207\u6b64\u5f79\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u53cd\u6297\u6e05\u671d\u7684\u6230\u722d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u74b0\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u518d\u5ea6\u5438\u53d6\u8a31\u591a\u6230\u722d\u5be6\u7528\u62f3\u8853\u7684\u990a\u4efd\uff0c\u8b93\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u5be6\u6230\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u65b7\u5730\u63d0\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u798f\u5efa\u6b66\u72c0\u5143\u516c\u76f8\u541b<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u798f\u5efa\u6b66\u72c0\u5143\u516c\u76f8\u541b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000bf;\">3-1 \u7409\u7403\u624b\u78ba\u7acb\u7684\u6642\u4ee3<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7d93\u904e\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6f14\u9032\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u5cf6\u4e0a\u53e4\u8001\u7684\u683c\u9b25\u8853\u548c\u4e2d\u570b\u50b3\u5165\u7684\u62f3\u6cd5\u7d44\u5408\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a1609\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4e5d\u5dde\u85a9\u6469\u85e9\u63a7\u5236\u7409\u7403\u5f8c\u6240\u5be6\u65bd\u7684\u7981\u6b62\u6b66\u5668\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u5728\u6c92\u6709\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u70ba\u4e86\u8981\u4fdd\u8b77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5bb6\u5712\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u62fc\u547d\u5730\u947d\u7814\u7a7a\u624b\u62f3\u8853\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d64\u624b\u7a7a\u62f3\u53bb\u6253\u64ca\u6575\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6839\u64da\u591a\u5e74\u4f86\u50b3\u81ea\u4e2d\u570b\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u62f3\u6cd5\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u9818\u609f\u9df2\u9ce5(\u4e00\u7a2e\u7409\u7403\u7684\u6d77\u9dd7)\u6355\u6349\u9b5a\u985e\u7684\u59ff\u52e2\u6240\u5275\u51fa\u7684\u8e22\u6cd5\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u904b\u7528\u64ca\u6253\u7a3b\u8349\u6372\u9776\u935b\u934a\u51fa\u6b63\u62f3\u7684\u7834\u58de\u529b\u7b49\u7279\u5225\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u6bba\u50b7\u529b\u6975\u5927\u7684\u62f3\u8853\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff1a\u7409\u7403\u624b(\u6216\u7a31\u70ba\u624b)\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u70ba\u4eca\u65e5\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6bcd\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000bf;\">3-2 \u516c\u76f8\u541b\u4f86\u7409\u7403\u7684\u50b3\u8aaa<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u5927\u5cf6\u7b46\u8a18\u7684\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u57281766\u5e74\u6642\u4f86\u81ea\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u6b66\u5b98\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u8207\u5176\u5f1f\u5b50\u5011\uff0c\u4ee5\u518a\u5c01\u53f2\u6b66\u5b98\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4f86\u5230\u7409\u7403\u6642\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u5728\u7409\u7403\u50b3\u6388\u62f3\u8853\uff0c\u8a18\u8f09\u4e2d\u6240\u5f62\u5bb9\u8868\u6f14\u6b66\u8853\u7684\u7537\u5b50\u9762\u8c8c\u6e05\u79c0\u3001\u9ad4\u683c\u4e26\u4e0d\u9ad8\u5927\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u624b\u7f6e\u65bc\u80f8\u524d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u624b\u51fa\u62db\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c07\u6bd4\u4ed6\u9084\u9ad8\u7684\u5927\u6f22\u7d66\u8f15\u6613\u5730\u64ca\u5012\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u7684\u4eba\u7a31\u547c\u9019\u7a2e\u62f3\u6cd5\u70ba\u300e\u7d44\u5408\u8853\u300f\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u8207\u5176\u5f1f\u5b50\u5011\u5728\u7409\u7403\u5c07\u300e\u7d44\u5408\u8853\u300f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8207\u7d30\u7bc0\u9678\u7e8c\u50b3\u6388\u7d66\u4e86\u7409\u7403\u4eba\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f8c\u4f86\u50b3\u7d66\u5f8c\u4ee3\u6700\u6709\u540d\u7684\u62f3\u5957\u4fbf\u662f\u300e\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u518a\u5c01\u4f7f\u5728\u7409\u7403\u505c\u7559\u7684\u6642\u9593\u90fd\u5f88\u4e45\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8981\u5c07\u62f3\u8853\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\u50b3\u6388\u7d66\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000bf;\">3-3 \u516c\u76f8\u541b\u662f\u8ab0?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u64da\u91d1\u57ce\u662d\u592b\u7684\u8003\u8b49\u6975\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f1755\u5e74\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u6b66\u72c0\u5143\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\uff0c1756\u5e74\u4ed6\u4ee5\u518a\u5c01\u53f2\u6b66\u5b98\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4f86\u5230\u7409\u7403\u6642\u66fe\u7d93\u50b3\u6388\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u62f3\u6cd5\u53eb\u300e\u7d44\u5408\u8853\u300f\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u88ab\u6cca\u624b\u53ca\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u7684\u6d41\u6d3e\u666e\u904d\u50b3\u6388\uff0c\u9019\u5957\u62f3\u73fe\u5728\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u516c\u76f8\u541b(KUSANKU)\uff0c\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u5247\u7a31\u70ba\u89c0\u7a7a(KANKU)\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u6839\u64da\u6700\u8fd1\u9019\u5e7e\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6b66\u5b98\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u982d\u929c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6839\u64da\u8a9e\u8a00\u7684\u5dee\u7570\u8207\u767c\u97f3\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4f4d\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u61c9\u8a72\u5c31\u662f\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e\u6240\u7a31\u7684\u300e\u62f3\u8056\u541b\u300f(KUNGSINGKUN)\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5b50\u5728\u5b57\u7fa9\u4e0a\u624d\u6703\u6bd4\u8f03\u7b26\u5408\u5c0d\u9019\u4f4d\u798f\u5efa\u6b66\u5b98\u7684\u7a31\u865f\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7576\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7814\u7a76\u8d8a\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u5c31\u767c\u73fe\u4ed6\u5011\u8d8a\u9700\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u798f\u5efa\u95a9\u5357\u8a9e\u8207\u798f\u5dde\u8a9e\u7684\u767c\u97f3\u8207\u5176\u6f22\u5b57\u5b57\u7fa9\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8207\u7409\u7403\u8a9e\u9032\u884c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u50b3\u8aaa\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u65b9\u537f\u7e09(1730\uff5e1805\u5e74)\u5b57\u5176\u633a\uff0c\u662f\u798f\u5efa\u4faf\u5b98\u7e23\u65b0\u5e97\u53a6\u574a\u6751(\u4eca\u798f\u5dde\u5e02\u65b0\u5e97\u93ae\u53a6\u574a\u6751)\u4eba\uff0c\u6e05\u96cd\u6b63\u516b\u5e74(1730\u5e74)\u51fa\u751f\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6311\u7cde\u4fbf\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u6e05\u6668\u90fd\u8981\u9032\u53bb\u798f\u5dde\u76e3\u7344\u88e1\u9762\u6311\u7cde\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u4ed6\u9047\u5230\u6210\u70ba\u56da\u72af\u7684\u62f3\u5e2b\u664f\u6d77(\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u88ab\u6e05\u5ef7\u76e3\u7981\u7684\u5357\u5c11\u6797\u5929\u5730\u6703\u4efd\u5b50)\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u664f\u6d77\u98e2\u9913\u96e3\u53d7\uff0c\u5411\u4ed6\u8a0e\u98ef\u5403\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u4fbf\u4e58\u6311\u7cde\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u5929\u5929\u7d66\u4ed6\u9001\u5403\u7684\u6771\u897f\u9032\u4f86\uff0c\u664f\u6d77\u611f\u6069\u6234\u5fb7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6388\u4ee5\u62f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f8c\u4f86\u664f\u6d77\u51fa\u7344\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0d\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u7684\u6b66\u85dd\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u90fd\u6559\u7ed9\u4f60\u4e86\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u8e22\u6cd5\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u4e5f\u4e00\u4f75\u6559\u7d66\u4f60\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u6cd5\u9632\u8eab\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u50b7\u4eba\uff01\u300f\u65bc\u662f\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u4e5f\u7fd2\u5f97\u664f\u6d77\u6240\u50b3\u6388\u7684\u8e22\u6cd5\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u5f8c\u4f86\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u8d74\u4eac\u53c3\u52a0\u6b66\u8003\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u7528\u8e22\u6cd5\u6253\u6557\u5c0d\u624b\u53d6\u52dd\uff0c\u9084\u7372\u5f97\u671d\u5ef7\u6b3d\u8cdc\u4e00\u54c1\u9802\u6234\u79ae\u670d\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u70ba\u6b66\u5b98\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u798f\u5efa\u7576\u5730\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8aaa\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u7576\u4e0a\u6b66\u72c0\u5143\u6c92\u591a\u4e45\u5c31\u53bb\u4e16\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u771f\u7684\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u5f8c\u4f86\u64d4\u4efb\u518a\u5c01\u4f7f\u5230\u7409\u7403\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u4e86\uff0c\u96e3\u9053\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u5cf6\u7b46\u8a18\u4e00\u76f4\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u5beb\u660e\u662f\u7531\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u50b3\u6388\u62f3\u8853\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5e38\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u5011&#8230;&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000bf;\">3-4 \u516c\u76f8\u541b\u5c0d\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u5f71\u97ff<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7d9c\u6240\u9031\u77e5\uff0c\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7684\u7d44\u5408\u8853\u5f8c\u4f86\u6f14\u8b8a\u6210\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u62f3\u5957\u300e\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7cfb\u5217\u300f\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u7cfb\u5217\u5f8c\u4f86\u6f14\u8b8a\u6210\u8a31\u591a\u62f3\u5957\uff1a\u5305\u62ec\u300e\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\u3001\u300e\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\u3001\u300e\u570b\u5409\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\u3001\u300e\u77e5\u82b1\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\u3001\u300e\u89c0\u7a7a\u300f\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u73fe\u5728\u5217\u70ba\u57fa\u672c\u8a13\u7df4\u7684\u300e\u5e73\u5b89\u578b\u300f\uff0c\u5247\u662f1905\u5e74\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046\u6839\u64da\u516c\u76f8\u541b(\u89c0\u7a7a)\u6539\u7de8\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u4e94\u500b\u5957\u578b\u800c\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7b97\u662f\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u62f3\u5957\u7576\u4e2d\u52d5\u4f5c\u6578\u8f03\u591a\uff0c\u96e3\u5ea6\u7a0d\u9ad8\u7684\u62f3\u5957\uff0c\u800c\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u5957\u578b\u4e5f\u78ba\u5be6\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u6bd4\u8f03\u591a\u8e22\u6cd5\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u98db\u8e8d\u7a7a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8c\u6bb5\u8e22\u7b49\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u664f\u6d77\u548c\u5c1a\u50b3\u6388\u7d66\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u7684\u8173\u6cd5\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<h2>\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u8207\u5510\u624b\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u56db\u7ae0\uff1a\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u8207\u5510\u624b\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">4-1 \u50b3\u8aaa\u4e2d\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7684\u5169\u4f4d\u9ad8\u5f92<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6c96\u7e69\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u5c0f\u6797\u6d41\u7684\u958b\u7956\u77e5\u82b1\u671d\u4fe1\u8001\u5e2b\u66fe\u7d93\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u4e2d\u570b\u798f\u5dde\u7684\u6b66\u5b98\u516c\u76f8\u541b<\/p>\n<p>(\u6709\u95dc\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7684\u8aaa\u660e\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0)\u5728\u7409\u7403\u7e3d\u5171\u6709\u5169\u4f4d\u9ad8\u5f92\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u662f\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5247\u662f<\/p>\n<p>\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u662f\u73fe\u4eca\u6c96\u7e69\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u6240\u516c\u8a8d\u300e\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u300f\u7684\u958b\u5c71\u7956\u5e2b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u547c<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u300e\u5510\u624b\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u300f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u6216\u662f\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bec\u8cc0\uff0c\u90fd\u5c0d\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u50b3\u627f\u5f71\u97ff\u6df1\u9060\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u5e7e\u5e74\u65e5\u672c\u5973\u5b50\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u300e\u578b\u300f\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u9078\u624b\u300e\u578b\u4e4b\u5996\u59ec\u300f\u8af8\u5ca1\u5948\u592e(Morooka Nao)\u5728\u6bd4\u8cfd<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u5c31\u6642\u5e38\u6f14\u7df4\u300e\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\u7684\u5957\u578b\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u300e\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u7684\u68cd\u300f\u8207\u300e\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u7684\u68cd\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u6311\u884c\u674e\u7684\u68d2\u68cd\u505a\u70ba\u6b66\u5668\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u4e5f\u986f\u793a\u51fa\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u6c96\u7e69\u53e4\u6b66\u9053\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">4-2 \u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u5229\u5c0e (1740-1812\u5e74)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u5168\u540d\u662f\u5317\u8c37\u5927\u5c4b\u826f\u5229\u5c0e\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u4e00\u5bb6\u5728\u7409\u7403\u7684\u7b2c\u4e94\u4ee3\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u662f\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u5229\u5143<\/p>\n<p>\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u4ef2\u672c\u653f\u535a\u300e\u6c96\u7e69\u50b3\u7d71\u6b66\u9053\u300f\u4e00\u66f8\u7684\u8003\u8b49\uff0c\u5229\u5143\u7684\u7236\u89aa\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u5357\u4eac\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u505a\u751f\u610f\u5230\u4e86<\/p>\n<p>\u85a9\u6469\u85e9(\u4e5d\u5dde)\uff0c\u53c8\u5a36\u4e86\u7576\u5730\u4eba\u5152\u7389\u52a9\u53f3\u885b\u9580\u7684\u5973\u5152\u70ba\u59bb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b9a\u5c45\u5728\u4e5d\u5dde\uff0c\u5229\u5143\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7684<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e94\u500b\u5152\u5b50\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5229\u5143\u5728\u85a9\u6469\u7684\u7409\u7403\u9928(\u985e\u4f3c\u5546\u52d9\u8fa6\u4e8b\u8655)\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f8c\u4f86\u85a9\u6469\u85e9\u6253\u4e0b\u7409\u7403\u4f7f<\/p>\n<p>\u5c1a\u6c0f\u738b\u671d\u6210\u70ba\u9644\u5c6c\u570b\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5229\u5143\u4fbf\u5728\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u9080\u8acb\u4e0b\u79fb\u5c45\u5230\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u64d4\u4efb\u738b\u671d\u4e2d\u8ca0\u8cac\u63a5\u5f85\u85a9\u6469\u5b98\u54e1<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u8077\u52d9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5230\u4e86\u5229\u5c0e\u9019\u4e00\u4ee3\uff0c\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4ecd\u7136\u5177\u6709\u516c\u8077\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c1756\u5e74\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u4f86\u7409\u7403\u6642\u5229\u5c0e16\u6b72\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u65bc\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u53ca\u5f1f\u5b50\u5011\u7cbe\u5f69\u7684\u6b66\u8853\u8868\u6f14\uff0c\u5229\u5c0e\u4e0b\u6c7a\u5fc3\u8981\u62dc\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u70ba\u5e2b\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u53c3\u52a0\u6bcf\u4e00\u5834<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u6b66\u8853\u8b1b\u5e2d\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u96e2\u958b\u5f8c\u66f4\u8a31\u9858\u8981\u524d\u5f80\u798f\u5dde\u5411\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u5b78\u62f3\uff0c\u9694\u5e741757\u5e74\u5229\u5c0e17\u6b72\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4ee5\u81ea\u8cbb\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u524d\u5f80\u798f\u5dde\u7559\u5b78(\u7576\u5e74\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b78\u751f\u80fd\u5920\u4ee5\u516c\u8cbb\u65b9\u5f0f\u524d\u5f80)\uff0c\u4e26\u62dc\u5165\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u65b9\u537f\u7e09<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u9580\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b78\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u8eab\u7d55\u6280\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56de\u7409\u7403\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u5229\u5c0e\u9664\u4e86\u7e7c\u627f\u5bb6\u65cf\u516c\u8077\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u5916\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fd8\u50b3\u6388\u4ed6\u7684\u6280\u85dd\uff0c\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u8457\u540d<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u300e\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u300f\u8207\u300e\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u7684\u68cd\u300f\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">4-3 \u5510\u624b\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd (1782-1837\u5e74)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bec\u8cc0\uff0c\u64da\u7a31\u662f\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u9ad8\u5f92\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5411\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u5b78\u62f3\u7684\u5730\u9ede\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u7409\u7403\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u70ba\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u4f86\u7409\u7403\u662f1756\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u904e\u4e8626\u5e74\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u624d\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7409\u7403\u9996\u91cc\u7684\u8d64\u7530\u6751(\u4eca\u5929\u7684<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9738\u5e02\u9996\u91cc\u8d64\u7530\u753a)\uff0c\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u7956\u5148\u4e5f\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u798f\u5efa\uff0c\u6f22\u59d3\u300e\u6613\u300f\uff0c\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5247\u662f\u4f86\u7409\u7403<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u7b2c\u4e5d\u4ee3\uff0c\u5c6c\u65bc\u9996\u91cc\u7684\u58eb\u65cf\u968e\u7d1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u62f3\u6cd5\u8001\u5e2b\u662f\u4e45\u7c73\u6751\u7684\u5510\u4eba\u6bdb\u570b\u68df\uff0c\u4ed6\u5411\u6bdb\u570b\u68df\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e86\u62f3\u8853\u8207\u68d2\u8853\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u5177\u6709<\/p>\n<p>\u6b66\u6750(\u7409\u7403\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u6709\u6b66\u8853\u5929\u4efd\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5)\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u9032\u6b65\u975e\u5e38\u5feb\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u8457\u300e\u5f88\u80fd\u6253\u300f\u7684\u98a8\u8a55\uff0c\u6839\u64da<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u90e8\u671d\u57fa\u50b3\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u7684\u6b66\u5b78\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u5f88\u96e3\u627e\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u8207\u4ed6\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\u50a2\u4f19\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u672c\u90e8\u671d\u57fa\u9019\u4e00\u8f29\u7684\u8001\u5e2b\u5011\u90fd\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u898b\u904e\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u50b3\u8aaa\u6545\u4e8b\u5f9e\u672c\u90e8\u671d\u57fa\u9019\u4f4d\u66fe\u7d93\u5c07<\/p>\n<p>\u6b50\u6d32\u6454\u89d2\u624bKO\u7684\u50b3\u5947\u4eba\u7269\u53e3\u4e2d\u8aaa\u51fa\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u591a\u5c11\u8b49\u660e\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u6709\u591a\u5f37\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u5bb6\u8aaa\u9ad8\u8655\u4e0d\u52dd\u5bd2\uff0c\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u96d6\u7136\u5728\u7409\u7403\u5df2\u7d93\u5f88\u5f37\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u6bcf\u6b21\u807d\u5230\u7409\u7403\u62f3\u5e2b\u5011\u8b1b\u5230\u516c\u76f8\u541b\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u540c<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4eca\u5929\u807d\u50b3\u5947\u6545\u4e8b\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u628a\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u8aaa\u5f97\u597d\u4f3c\u638c\u98a8\u4e00\u51fa\u3001\u4eba\u5c31\u6703\u98db\u5230\u4e94\u5c3a\u4e4b\u5916\u5730\u5f37\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd<\/p>\n<p>\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5230\u798f\u5dde\u53bb\u5411\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u5b78\u62f3\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u4ed6\u662f\u58eb\u65cf\u968e\u7d1a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u8207\u5317\u8c37\u5c4b\u826f\u4e00\u6a23\u300e\u81ea\u8cbb\u904a\u5b78\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>1806\u5e7424\u6b72\u90a3\u4e00\u5e74\u4ed6\u642d\u8239\u524d\u5f80\u798f\u5dde\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u5728\u6d77\u4e0a\u78b0\u5230\u76dc\u532a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u7cbe\u826f\u7684\u68d2\u8853\u5c07\u6d77\u76dc\u7d66\u64ca\u9000\u4e86\uff0c\u53c8<\/p>\n<p>\u6d41\u4e0b\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u6b66\u52c7\u50b3\u5947\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u5230\u4e86\u798f\u5dde\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u627e\u5230\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u4e26\u5411\u4ed6\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u53f2\u6599\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba1806\u5e74\u516c\u76f8\u541b<\/p>\n<p>\u65b9\u537f\u7e09(1730\uff5e1805\u5e74)\u61c9\u8a72\u5df2\u7d93\u904e\u4e16\u4e00\u5e74\u4e86\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5f8c\u4f86\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5c07\u300e\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u578b\u300f\u50b3\u7d66\u4ed6\u7684\u5f92\u5f1f\u5011\uff0c\u4f46\u662f<\/p>\n<p>\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u578b\u61c9\u8a72\u662f1756\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u7409\u7403\u6d41\u50b3\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bec\u8cc0\u8207\u516c\u76f8\u541b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u95dc\u4fc2\u6211\u5011\u4e26\u6c92\u6709<\/p>\n<p>\u8fa6\u6cd5\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u4ed6\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u8207\u65b9\u537f\u7e09\u5728\u798f\u5dde\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u5011\u78b0\u5230\u9762\uff0c\u82e5\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4ea4\u6d41\u8207\u5b78\u7fd2<\/p>\n<p>\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u4e5f\u4e26\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76ee\u524d\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6bd4\u8f03\u80fd\u5920\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u662f\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u66fe\u7d93\u5230\u904e\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u7409\u7403\u5b78\u9928(\u53e4\u8e5f\u73fe\u5728\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728)\u5f85\u904e<\/p>\n<p>\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u6642\u671f\u4ed6\u5411\u30a4\u30ef\u30a1\u30fc(\u4f9d\u83ef)\u62dc\u5e2b\u5b78\u62f3(\u8a3b)\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4ed6\u5b78\u7fd2\u8207\u63a5\u89f8\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5317\u6d3e\u62f3\u8853\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd<\/p>\n<p>\u8207\u5317\u6d3e\u4e2d\u570b\u62f3\u7684\u63a5\u89f8\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u5eb7\u7199\u6642\u4ee3\u66fe\u5169\u5ea6\u5230\u904e\u7409\u7403\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u6b66\u5b98\u6c6a\u696b\uff0c\u90fd\u70ba\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u5c40\u90e8<\/p>\n<p>\u5317\u6d3e\u62f3\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eca\u65e5\u6211\u5011\u770b\u5230\u7684\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u6709\u8457\u4e00\u4e9b\u5317\u6d3e\u5c11\u6797\u62f3\u7684\u98a8\u5473\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5f8c\u4f86\u5728\u7409\u7403\u8207\u5317\u4eac\u9593\u6578\u5ea6\u5f80\u4f86\uff0c\u9577\u9054\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u4ed6\u5e36\u56de\u8a31\u8a31\u591a\u591a\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u5317\u6d3e\u62f3\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u6240\u8ca0\u8cac\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7409\u7403\u5b98\u5175\u8207\u5bae\u5ef7\u6b66\u5e2b\u90fd\u80fd\u5920\u5b78\u5230\u6700\u7cbe\u826f\u7684\u62f3\u8853\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u6b21\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u662f1836\u5e74\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u9694\u5e74(1837)\u537b\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u56e0\u75c5\u904e\u4e16\uff0c\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u90ca\u5340\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u7684\u5b50\u5b6b\u66fe\u7d93\u5728\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u524d\u5230\u5317\u4eac<\/p>\n<p>\u53bb\u5c0b\u627e\u4ed6\u7684\u58b3\u5893\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u7409\u7403\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u8aaa\u662f\u4ed6\u6d3b\u523080\u6b72\uff0c\u57281862\u5e74\u624d\u904e\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">4-4 \u53e4\u6d41\u5510\u624b\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u78ba\u7acb<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u53e4\u6d41\u5510\u624b\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u5510\u4eba(\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba)\u7684\u5f8c\u88d4\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6b66\u5b98\u7684\u50b3\u6388\u4e0b\u6f38\u6f38\u6210\u5f62\uff0c\u5230\u4e86\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bec\u8cc0\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u5c31<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u52a0\u5730\u7cfb\u7d71\u5316\uff0c\u958b\u555f\u7684\u7409\u7403\u5510\u624b\u7684\u8f1d\u714c\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0b\u4e00\u7ae0\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u8981\u9032\u5165\u53e4\u6d41\u5510\u624b\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6b66\u58eb\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u524d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6574\u5408\u5de5\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u5206\u6563\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u9ad4\u7cfb<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u660e\u78ba\u7684\u57fa\u6e96\uff0c\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7684\u96db\u578b\u5c31\u8981\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>(<span style=\"color: #7f003f;\">\u8a3b)\u4f9d\u83ef\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5beb\u4f5c\u9055\u4f2f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6eff\u5dde\u4eba\u6216\u83ef\u5317\u7684\u56de\u65cf\uff0c\u540d\u5b57\u8207\u767c\u97f3\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u8a9e\u3001<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #7f003f;\">\u6eff\u5dde\u8a71\u8207\u7409\u7403\u6bcd\u8a9e\u9593\u7522\u751f\u4ee5\u8a1b\u50b3\u8a1b\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u7522\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6f22\u5b57\u5beb\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u7247\u5047\u540d\u767c\u97f3<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #7f003f;\">\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u30a4\u30ef\u30a1\u30fc\u6c92\u932f\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u6559\u7d66\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u7684\u62f3\u7a2e\u6216\u8a31\u8207\u67e5\u62f3\u6216\u6eff\u5dde\u62f3\u6709\u95dc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b<\/p>\n<p>\u6c96\u7e69\u7a7a\u624b\u53e4\u6b66\u9053\u4ff1\u6a02\u90e8\u6703\u520a<\/p>\n<p>\u6c96\u7e69\u50b3\u7d71\u6b66\u9053(\u4ef2\u672c\u653f\u535a)<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u624b\u50b3\u771f\u9304(\u91d1\u57ce\u662d\u592b)<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u90e8\u671d\u57fa\u8207\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b(\u5ca9\u4e95\u864e\u4f2f)<\/p>\n<h2>\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6b66\u58eb\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\uff1a\u6b66\u58eb\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\uff0c\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u2027\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">5-1 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style=\"color: #00007f;\">5-2 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style=\"color: #00007f;\">5-3 \u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u5317\u6d3e\u62f3\u7684\u63a5\u89f8<\/span><\/p>\n<p>1836\u5e74\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u966a\u540c\u5e2b\u7236\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bdb\u8cc0\u4e00\u8d77\u5230\u5317\u4eac\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u677e\u6751\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u80fd\u5920\u8207\u5317\u4eac\u738b\u5bae\u7684\u6b66\u8853\u6559\u5b98\u300c\u30a4\u30ef\u30a1\u30fc\u300d\u4f9d\u83ef\u5b78\u7fd2(\u4f9d\u83ef\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6eff\u6d32\u4eba)\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u677e\u6751\u63a5\u89f8\u4e2d\u570b\u5317\u6d3e\u62f3\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u4ed6\u7e3d\u5171\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5f85\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u50cf\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u4f86\u4f86\u5f80\u5f80\u4e2d\u570b\u9577\u9054\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u4e45\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5e74\u7d00\u5df2\u7d93\u6bd4\u8f03\u5927\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u8a8d\u70ba\u771f\u6b63\u80fd\u5920\u5e36\u6771\u897f\u56de\u7409\u7403\u7684\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1837\u5e74\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u56e0\u75c5\u904e\u4e16\uff0c\u57cb\u846c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u90ca\u5340\uff0c\u677e\u6751\u5c07\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4efd\u907a\u9aa8\u5e36\u56de\u7409\u7403\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u64da\u8aaa\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u7684\u5b50\u5b6b\u66fe\u7d93\u5728\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6230\u524d\u5230\u5317\u4eac\u53bb\u5c0b\u627e\u4ed6\u7684\u58b3\u5893\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5728\u7409\u7403\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u8aaa\u662f\u4ed6\u6d3b\u523080\u6b72\uff0c\u57281862\u5e74\u624d\u904e\u4e16\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">5-4 \u6210\u70ba\u7409\u7403\u7684\u5bae\u5ef7\u6b66\u5e2b\/\u6253\u5012\u897f\u6d0b\u6c34\u624b<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u65bc1837\u5e74\u56de\u570b\u5f8c\uff0c\u677e\u6751\u5f8c\u4f86\u4fbf\u63a5\u4efb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c1a\u6c0f\u738b\u671d\u7b2c17\u4ee3\u5c1a\u705d\u738b\u7684\u5fa1\u5074\u5b88\u5f79(\u541b\u738b\u8eab\u908a\u7684\u9ad8\u7d1a\u8b77\u885b)\uff0c\u4e26\u64d4\u4efb\u541b\u738b\u5bb6\u65cf\u7684\u6b66\u8853\u6559\u5e2b\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5c1a\u705d\u738b\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u975e\u5e38\u559c\u6b61\u6b66\u8853\u7684\u541b\u738b\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u5c1a\u705d\u6d41\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u500b\u541b\u738b\u7cfb\u7d71\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u6d3e\u5225\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7956\u5e2b\u723a\u7576\u7136\u5c31\u662f\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7d93\u6b77\u5305\u62ec18\u4ee3\u5c1a\u80b2\u738b\u300119\u4ee3\u5c1a\u6cf0\u738b\u7b49\u4e09\u4ee3\uff0c\u5fa1\u5074\u5b88\u5f79\u9019\u500b\u8077\u4f4d\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u677e\u6751\u64d4\u4efb\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u3001\u677e\u6751\u7684\u59bb\u5b50\u8207\u90a3\u5dba\u64da\u8aaa\u4e5f\u662f\u500b\u5973\u59d3\u7684\u5510\u624b\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u57281840\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u85a9\u6469\u901a\u5546\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u8ecd\u8266\u5728\u7409\u7403\u9760\u5cb8(\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u7409\u7403\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u85a9\u6469\u85e9\u80cc\u8457\u5fb7\u5ddd\u5e55\u5e9c\u5077\u5077\u9032\u884c\u5916\u8cbf\u8d70\u79c1\u7684\u5730\u65b9)\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u5c1a\u705d\u738b\u5728\u63a5\u898b\u7f8e\u8ecd\u8239\u9577\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u66fe\u7d93\u7531\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u8868\u6f14\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u8ddf\u528d\u8853\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u7f8e\u8ecd\u8239\u9577\u7684\u597d\u5947\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u8b93\u7f8e\u8ecd\u8239\u4e0a\u6700\u5f37\u7684\u6c34\u624b\u4f86\u6311\u6230\u677e\u6751\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u9019\u500b\u50b3\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u6c34\u624b\u66fe\u5728\u5357\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u5f92\u624b\u5e79\u6389\u4e00\u7968\u6301\u68b0\u7684\u571f\u8457\uff0c\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u7f8e\u8ecd\u8239\u4e0a\u7684\u6bba\u4eba\u4e4b\u9b3c\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u4e00\u5834\u5c0d\u6c7a\u96d9\u65b9\u662f\u63a1\u7528\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u6b66\u5668\u7a7a\u624b\u5c0d\u6c7a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u5247\u662f\u5c07\u5c0d\u65b9\u6253\u65b7\u4e86\u4e09\u6839\u808b\u9aa8\u52dd\u5229\u6536\u5834\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u8a31\u9019\u662f\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5728\u8001\u7f8e\u9762\u524d\u767b\u5834\u5427\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">5-5 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style=\"color: #800000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff1a\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u570b\u7684\u6b66\u5e2b\u963f\u5357\u5e2b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">6-1 \u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5c0d\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b\u7684\u5f71\u97ff<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5c31\u662f\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b\u53f2\u6599\u4e0a\u5e38\u5e38\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u300e\u8a79\u5357\u300f(\u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30ca\u30f3)\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5beb\u6210\u6f22\u5b57\u7684\u300e\u79aa\u5357\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b\u5bb6\u8fd1\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\u4ed6\u662f\u798f\u5efa\u5357\u5b89\u7e23\u4eba(\u5357\u5b89\u5c31\u662f\u912d\u6210\u529f\u7236\u89aa\u912d\u829d\u9f8d\u7684\u6545\u9109\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\u73fe\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u4e5f\u8aaa\u662f\u912d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6545\u9109\uff0c\u4f46\u912d\u6210\u529f\u7684\u6545\u9109\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u4e5d\u5dde\u7684\u5e73\u6236)\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u798f\u5efa\u5357\u5b89\u5c6c\u65bc\u95a9\u5357\u6cc9\u5dde\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u800c\u95a9\u5357\u4eba\u7a31\u547c\u5e2b\u7236\u5e38\u5e38\u90fd\u4ee5\u963fX\u5e2b\u4f86\u7a31\u547c\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u8a79\u5357\u4e5f\u88ab\u7a31\u547c\u70ba\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7a31\u547c\u5e2b\u7236\u7684\u7fd2\u6027\u73fe\u4ecd\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<br 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(\u5b89\u5357)\u4f86\u7a31\u547c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">6-2\u00a0 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style=\"color: #00007f;\">6-3\u00a0 \u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7\u6c0f\u4f86\u53f0\u7063\u5c0b\u627e\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u51431879\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u660e\u6cbb\u7dad\u65b0\u6642\u4ee3\u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u5283\u4e0b\u4e86\u53e5\u9ede\uff0c\u5728\u4e5d\u5dde\u85a9\u6469\u85e9\u7684\u52e2\u529b\u9577\u9a45\u76f4\u5165\u4e0b\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u7409\u7403\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u570b\u738b\u5c1a\u6cf0\u540c\u610f\u8b93\u7409\u7403\u5283\u5165\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u9818\u571f\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u7531\u65bc\u570b\u969b\u60c5\u52e2\u3001\u6e05\u671d\u7a4d\u5f31\u4e0d\u632f<\/p>\n<p>\u52a0\u4e0a\u525b\u767c\u751f\u7409\u7403\u6f01\u6c11\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u5357\u90e8\u88ab\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u6bba\u5bb3\u6240\u5f15\u767c\u7684\u7261\u4e39\u793e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u738b\u570b\u5c07\u8fd1\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7d42\u65bc\u7d50\u675f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7(1870-1945)\u662f\u9996\u91cc\u53ca\u6cca\u624b\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u540d\u5bb6\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u5c0d\u65bc\u5e2b\u7236\u5011\u53e3\u4e2d\u5e38\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u975e\u5e38\u5d07\u62dc\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5f\u77e5\u9053\u5e2b\u7236\u5011\u5728\u4ed6\u51fa\u751f\u524d\u5c31\u5df2\u7d93\u628a\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u6697\u4e2d\u9001\u5230\u53f0\u7063\u9003\u96e3\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u7684\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7\u5fc3\u4e2d\u4fbf\u4e00\u76f4\u5922\u60f3\u80fd\u5920\u5230\u53f0\u7063\u627e\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5b78\u7fd2\u62f3\u8853\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u500b\u5fc3\u9858\u4e00\u76f4\u6c92\u6709\u9054\u6210\uff0c\u4f46\u5f8c\u4f86\u7531\u65bc\u7532\u5348\u6230\u722d\u8207\u99ac\u95dc\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u53f0\u7063\u5272\u8b93\u7d66\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u90fd\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u9818\u571f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6642\u53f0\u7063\u7531\u65bc\u76db\u7522\u8517\u7cd6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7\u5f9e\u4e8b\u904b\u7cd6\u8239\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u8208\u8d77\u524d\u5f80\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u64da\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7\u7684\u5f1f\u5b50\u4ef2\u91cc\u5e38\u5ef6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6240\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u4ed6\u57281922\u5e74\u5982\u9858\u5730\u5230\u4e86\u53f0\u7063\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u64da\u63a8\u7b97\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u7576\u6642\u61c9\u8a72\u5df2\u7d9380\u6b72\u4e86\uff0c\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u5f85\u4e86\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5411\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5b78\u4f86\u4e86\u300e\u5b89\u5357\u7a7a\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u6b66\u8853\u5e2b\u90fd\u6bd4\u8f03\u9577\u58fd\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u8981\u6d3b\u523080\u6b72\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u65bc\u9019\u662f\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u671d\u5fb7\u7684\u53e3\u8ff0\u8a18\u9304\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u4ed6\u662f\u771f\u7684\u5411\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4ed6\u8ddf\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u7684\u50b3\u4eba\u6240\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u5f97\u800c\u77e5\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #00007f;\">6-4\u00a0 \u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u7684\u62f3\u8853\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u54ea\u88e1\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff1f<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u770b\u4eca\u65e5\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7684\u300e\u5ca9\u9db4\u300f(\u93ae\u6771)\u3001\u5289\u885b\u6d41\u300e\u5b89\u5357\u300f\u8207\u559c\u5c4b\u6b66\u6d3e\u7684\u300e\u5b89\u5357\u7a7a\u300f\u4e09\u500b\u62f3\u5957\u6703\u767c\u73fe\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5171\u540c\u9ede\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u8fc5\u901f\u7684\u767c\u62db\u4ee5\u53ca\u5177\u5099\u5f35\u529b\u7684\u904b\u9ad4\u52d5\u4f5c\u4f86\u51fa\u624b\uff0c\u9019\u8207\u592a\u7956\u62f3\u53ca\u7f85\u6f22\u62f3\u7684\u529f\u6cd5\u985e\u4f3c\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u4eca\u65e5\u5728\u5168\u53f0\u7063\u90fd\u770b\u5f97\u5230\u9019\u6a23\u578b\u614b\u7684\u62f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u50b3\u4eba\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u662f\u53f0\u7063\u62f3\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u4e00\u5411\u795e\u79d8\u96e3\u8003\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b\u5bb6\u5011\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u5b9a\u5c45\u9ede\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u53f0\u7063\u5317\u90e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u516b\u91cd\u5c71\u5730\u5340\u8207\u53f0\u7063\u5b9c\u862d\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u8207\u4eba\u6c11\u983b\u7e41\u7684\u79fb\u52d5\u8a18\u9304\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u6975\u53ef\u80fd\u843d\u8173\u5728\u5b9c\u862d\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u50c5\u53ea\u80fd\u8003\u8b49\u5230\u6b64\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<br \/>\n(\u9644\u9304) \u7409\u7403\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u737b\u6307\u51fa\u5728\u7409\u7403\u5bdf\u5ea6\u738b\u6642\u4ee3 (\u7d04\u897f\u51431372\u5e74)\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5411\u660e\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u9032\u8ca2\u63a5\u53d7\u518a\u5c01\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6642\u660e\u671d\u5c0d\u65bc\u6771\u5357\u65b9\u6d77\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u5f88\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6307\u7409\u7403\u53ca\u5944\u7f8e\u7fa4\u5cf6\u662f\u5927\u7409\u7403\uff0c\u800c\u53f0\u7063\u662f\u5c0f\u7409\u7403\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u53f0\u7063\u53ef\u662f\u6bd4\u7409\u7403\u5927\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u70ba\u7409\u7403\u6bd4\u8f03\u65e9\u6709\u798f\u5efa\u4eba\u79fb\u5c45\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u660e\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u898b\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u672c\u6c92\u628a\u6771\u5357\u6d77\u4e0a\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7576\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<br \/>\n\u5bdf\u5ea6\u304c\u660e\u671d\u3068\u306e\u518a\u5c01\u30fb\u671d\u8ca2\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u7d50\u3093\u3067\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30b0\u30b9\u30af\u6642\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u306e\u7409\u7403\u793e\u4f1a\u306f\u518d\u3073\u5909\u5316\u306e\u6ce2\u3092\u8499\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u307e\u305a\u306f\u6c96\u7e04\u5cf6\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u4eba\u306e\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u5909\u5316\u3067\u3059\u3002\u7409\u7403\u8af8\u5cf6\u30fb\u53f0\u6e7e\u3092\u4e2d\u56fd\u5074\u3067\u306f\u6f20\u7136\u3068\u300c\u7460\u6c42\u30fb\u6d41\u7403\u300d\u306a\u3069\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001<\/p>\n<p>\u3053\u3053\u306b\u304d\u3066\u5944\u7f8e\u30fb\u6c96\u7e04\u30fb\u5148\u5cf6\u5730\u57df\u304c\u300c\uff08\u5927\uff09\u7409\u7403\u300d\u3068\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u53f0\u6e7e\u306f\u300c\u5c0f\u7409\u7403\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u307e\u3059\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6c96\u7e69\u7e23\u653f\u5e9c<\/p>\n<p>\u7409\u7403\u5927\u5b78<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u624b\u50b3\u771f\u9304(\u91d1\u57ce\u662d\u592b)<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u90e8\u671d\u57fa\u8207\u7409\u7403\u7a7a\u624b(\u5ca9\u4e95\u864e\u4f2f)<\/p>\n<p>\u53f2\u5b9f\u3068\u53e3\u4f1d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6c96\u7e04\u306e\u7a7a\u624b\u30fb\u89d2\u529b\u540d\u4eba\u4f1d(\u9577\u5dba\u5c06\u771f)<\/p>\n<h2>\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2d\u8208\u4e4b\u7956\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1a\u4e2d\u8208\u4e4b\u7956\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">7-1 \u662d\u6797\u6d41\u8207\u662d\u9748\u6d41<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7409\u7403\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9032\u5165\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u62f3\u6cd5\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5df2\u7d93\u7531\u6cca\u6e2f\u5730\u5340\u8f49\u5411\u9996\u91cc\u8207\u90a3\u9738\u5169\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u91cc\u65b9\u9762\u7531\u65bc\u4f50\u4e45\u5ddd\u5bec\u8cc0\u8207\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u7684\u6574\u7406\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u5b8c\u6574\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5316\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u90a3\u9738<\/p>\n<p>\u5730\u5340\u5247\u662f\u5728\u6e56\u57ce\u6c0f\u8207\u5f8c\u7e7c\u7684\u6771\u6069\u7d0d\u5bec\u826f\u52aa\u529b\u4e0b\u4e5f\u50b3\u627f\u51fa\u4f86\u81ea\u798f\u5efa\u7684\u65b0\u62f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7576\u6642\u7684<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u5011\u4fbf\u7a31\u547c\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u70ba\u662d\u6797\u6d41\uff0c\u90a3\u9738\u624b\u70ba\u662d\u9748\u6d41\uff0c\u4ee5\u8cc7\u5340\u5225\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u300e\u662d\u6797\u300f\u9084\u662f\u300e\u662d\u9748\u300f\uff0c\u7409\u7403\u8a9e\u90fd\u662f\u5538\u4f5cShaolin\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u540c\u97f3\u7684\u798f\u5dde\u8a9e\u6216\u6cc9\u5dde\u8a9e<\/p>\n<p>\u767c\u97f3Shaolin\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u300e\u5c11\u6797\u300f\uff0c\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u5728\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u6b77\u53f2\u8003\u8b49\u4e0a\u662f\u6700\u6c92\u6709\u722d\u8b70\u7684\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u300e\u662d\u6797\u300f\u9084\u662f\u300e\u662d\u9748\u300f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u5e2b\u627f\u90fd\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u300e\u5c11\u6797\u300f\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u5176\u4e2d\u662f\u4ee5\u5357\u5c11\u6797<\/p>\n<p>\u70ba\u4e3b\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u5728\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u7576\u4e2d\u7d93\u904e\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e5f\u53c3\u5165\u8a31\u591a\u5317\u5c11\u6797\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">7-2 \u602a\u7269\u7cf8\u6d32<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u50b3\u627f\u662d\u6797\u6d41\u7684\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u7409\u7403\u4e00\u4ee3\u5049\u5927\u6b66\u5e2b\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u4ed6\u6d3b\u523091\u6b72\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u975e\u5e38\u591a\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e2d\u751f\u65bc1831\u5e74\u7684\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046\u6700\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u7267\u5fd7\u671d\u6717\u3001\u5b89\u91cc\u5b89\u6046\u7b49\u90fd\u662f\u677e\u6751\u7684\u9580\u5f92\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\u9003\u96e2\u4f86\u7409\u7403\u7684\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046\u4e5f\u66fe\u7d93\u62dc\u5728\u4ed6\u9580\u4e0b\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u5728\u7409\u7403\u50b3\u4e0b\u7684\u62f3\u5957\u5305\u62ec<\/p>\n<p>\u93ae\u6771(\u5ca9\u9db4)\u3001\u6148\u6069\u3001\u6148\u97f3\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u8aaa\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046\u5275\u7acb\u7684\u300e\u5e73\u5b89\u4e94\u578b\u300f\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u6309\u7167\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u6240\u50b3\u6388\u7684\u62db\u5f0f\u7d44\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u7cf8\u6d32\u5728\u7409\u7403\u4e5f\u662f\u7684\u6b66\u540d\u9060\u64ad\uff0c\u64da\u8aaa\u6709\u4e00\u56de\u9996\u91cc\u67d0\u4f4d\u9ad8\u624b\u8207\u4ed6\u8a0e\u8ad6\u62db\u5f0f\u6642\u770b\u6cd5\u6709\u51fa\u5165\uff0c\u4fbf\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7d04\u5728\u5c4b\u5167\u5c0d\u6c7a\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u770b\u96d9\u65b9\u8ab0\u7684\u898b\u89e3\u6bd4\u8f03\u6b63\u78ba\uff0c\u5c0d\u624b\u5df2\u7d93\u7b97\u662f\u9ad8\u624b\u7d1a\u7684\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4f46\u78b0\u5230\u6beb\u4e0d\u7559\u60c5\u7684\u7cf8\u6d32\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u77ac\u9593\u88ab\u89e3\u6c7a\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u800c\u95dc\u65bc\u7cf8\u6d32\u602a\u529b\u822c\u7684\u50b3\u5947\u9084\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ed6\u5728\u6d77\u908a\u591c\u665a\u78b0\u5230\u5c0f\u6df7\u6df7\u5305\u570d\u6642\uff0c\u6beb\u4e0d\u8cbb\u529b\u5730\u5c07\u4e03\u516b\u500b\u5c0f\u6df7\u6df7\u90fd\u6454\u6295\u5165\u6d77\u88e1\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u53ca\u5c0f\u5077\u5149\u9867\u7cf8\u6d32\u5bb6\u6642\uff0c\u7cf8\u6d32\u662f\u4e00\u62f3\u64ca\u7834\u6728\u9580\u76f4\u63a5\u64d2\u62ff\u4f4f\u5c0f\u5077\u7684\u624b\uff0c\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u602a\u529b\u50b3\u5947\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">7-3 \u5e73\u5b89\u578b\u7684\u5275\u7acb<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046\u5c0d\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u73fe\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c07\u539f\u672c\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u677e\u6751\u9ad4\u7cfb\u5316\u7684\u9996\u91cc\u624b\uff0c\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u5730\u7c21\u55ae\u5316\u4ee5\u6709\u5229\u63a8\u5ee3\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5c07\u8271\u96e3\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\u8207\u6df1\u5967\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6280\u8853\u66f4\u52a0\u5730\u5206\u89e3\u8207\u79d1\u5b78\u5316\uff0c\u8b93\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u89aa\u8fd1\u8207\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5275\u7acb\u300e\u5e73\u5b89\u4e94\u578b\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\uff0c\u662f\u8ca2\u737b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u9805\u76ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6642\u5728\u7409\u7403\u5b78\u7fd2\u9996\u91cc\u624b\uff0c\u524d\u5169\u5e74\u53ea\u80fd\u6bcf\u5929\u7df4\u7fd2\u67af\u71e5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u52d5\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300e\u5167\u7554\u6230\u300f(\u9435\u9a0e\u521d\u6bb5)\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u53d7\u4e0d\u4e86\u6bcf\u5929<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u7df4\u7fd2\u5167\u7554\u6230\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u8207\u4e4f\u5473\u5c31\u653e\u68c4\u4e86\uff0c\u6709\u9451\u65bc\u6b64\u7cf8\u6d32\u4fbf\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e86\u81ea\u5e73\u5b89\u521d\u6bb5~\u5e73\u5b89\u4e94\u6bb5\u7684\u4e94\u500b\u57fa\u672c\u578b\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u521d\u5b78\u8005<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u9032\u5165\u5167\u7554\u6230\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u884c\u9ad4\u6703\u8207\u4e86\u89e3\u57fa\u672c\u6280\u8853\u7684\u300e\u666e\u53ca\u578b\u300f\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e5f\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u6d3e\u5225\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bae\u57ce\u9577\u9806<\/p>\n<p>\u8207\u9577\u5dba\u5c07\u771f\u5171\u540c\u5275\u9020\u7684\u300e\u64ca\u788e\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u7cf8\u6d32\u5275\u7acb\u7684\u5e73\u5b89\u578b\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5f88\u591a\u4f86\u81ea\u516c\u76f8\u541b(\u89c0\u7a7a)\u3001\u62d4\u585e(\u8c79\u7345)\u3001\u6148\u6069\u7b49\u62f3\u5957\u7684\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u822c\u591a\u534a\u8a8d\u70ba\u5e73\u5b89\u578b\u662f\u7cf8\u6d32\u6539\u7de8\u7c21\u5316\u9019\u4e9b\u578b\u800c\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u7cf8\u6d32\u5b89\u6046\u5275\u7acb\u7684\u300e\u5e73\u5b89\u4e94\u578b\u300f\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u6309\u7167\u963f\u5357\u5e2b\u6240\u50b3\u6388\u7684\u62db\u5f0f\u7d44\u5408\u800c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u525b\u958b\u59cb\u6642\u662f\u7a31\u70ba\u300e\u963f\u5357\u4e4b\u624b\u300f\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8b8a\u5316\u800c\u4f86\u7684\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u5e73\u5b89\u578b\u4ee5\u9632\u5b88\u958b\u59cb\u3001\u4ee5\u9632\u5b88\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u773c\u90e8\u8cab\u624b\u3001\u98db\u8e22\u7b49\u62db\u5f0f\uff0c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u6559\u80b2\u4e0a\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u4e00\u7a2e\u62f3\u8853\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u53c3\u8003\u8cc7\u6599\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6c96\u7e69\u7e23\u653f\u5e9c<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u624b\u9053(\u9577\u5dba\u5c07\u771f)<\/p>\n<p>\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u578b\u5168\u96c6(\u91d1\u6fa4\u5f18\u548c)<\/p>\n<h2>\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u4e4b\u7236\u8239\u8d8a\u7fa9\u73cd<\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">\u677e\u6fe4\u9928\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u53f2\u7b2c\u516b\u7ae0\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u4e4b\u7236\u8239\u8d8a\u7fa9\u73cd<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #c00000;\">(\u7248\u6b0a\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u8f49\u8f09\u8acb\u8207\u683c\u4e3b\u806f\u7d61\u2027\u539f\u8457\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff1a\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u58eb\u9053\u9928\u9673\u5357\u6eaa\u6559\u7df4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">8-1 \u8239\u8d8a\u7fa9\u73cd\u7684\u751f\u5e73<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u8239\u8d8a\u7fa9\u73cd1868\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u7409\u7403\u9996\u91cc\u5c71\u5ddd\u6751(\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u90a3\u8987\u5e02\u9996\u91cc\u5c71\u5ddd\u753a\uff0c\u8207\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd\u76f8\u540c\u51fa\u751f\u5730)\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u51fa\u8eab\u6cca\u5730\u5340\u58eb\u65cf\u7684\u540d\u9580\u300e\u5bcc\u540d\u8170\u5bb6\u65cf\u300f\uff0c\u7531\u65bc\u4ed6\u662f\u65e9\u7523\u5152\u56e0\u6b64\u5e7c\u5e74\u6642\u8eab\u9ad4\u75c5\u5f31\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u539f\u672c\u5bb6\u65cf\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u80fd\u5920\u9032\u5165\u91ab\u5b78\u6821\u5b78\u7fd2\u91ab\u5b78\uff0c\u4f46\u5f8c\u4f86\u56e0\u689d\u4ef6\u4e0d\u7b26\u6240\u4ee5\u9032\u5165\u6c96\u7e04\u7e23\u5c0b\u5e38\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5b78\u6821\u901f\u6210\u79d1\u5b78\u7fd2\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u572821\u6b72\u6642\u958b\u59cb\u4ed6\u64d4\u4efb\u6559\u5e2b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u4ee3\u8239\u8d8a\u7fa9\u73cd\u5c31\u958b\u59cb\u5b78\u7fd2\u7409\u7403\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6b66\u8853&#8221;\u5510\u624b&#8221;(\u30ab\u30e9\u30c6)\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u96d6\u7136\u8239\u8d8a\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\u4e26\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u51fa\u62f3\u8207\u6536\u62f3\u52d5\u4f5c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u5c07\u677e\u6751\u5b97\u68cd&#8221;\u85a9\u6469\u793a\u73fe\u6d41\u528d\u8853&#8221;\u7cbe\u795e\u50b3\u627f\u7684\u9996\u91cc\u624b\u6280\u6cd5\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\u8207\u5fb9\u5e95\u7684\u8a13\u7df4\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u9019\u4e9b\u51fa\u62db\u7684\u578b\u5f0f\u6df1\u6df1\u5730\u5f71\u97ff\u4e86JKA\u65e5\u672c\u7a7a\u624b\u5354\u6703\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u7a7a\u624b\u9053\u578b\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00007f;\">8-2 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style=\"color: #00007f;\">8-3 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